This mechanistic difference is why both classes are often considered together in research
In line with this, a study in rotating shift workers from the automotive industry found that NSW significantly reduced plasma concentrations of multiple immune markers, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-2R, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-12, IL-17), chemokines (IP-10, MIP-1, MIP-1, RANTES), and growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF), indicating a broad suppression of immune pathways linked to circadian disruption and higher susceptibility to infection and cancer 113
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Indeed, in rats, Glp1r -expressing neurons and Glu4.2 Calcr/Ramp3 neurons were transcriptionally distinct (Supplementary Fig